{"id":795,"date":"2011-07-26T02:49:58","date_gmt":"2011-07-26T02:49:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hoanglanchi.com\/?p=795"},"modified":"2016-09-18T18:46:04","modified_gmt":"2016-09-18T08:46:04","slug":"d%e1%ba%abn-vao-th%e1%ba%bf-gi%e1%bb%9bi-ca-dao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/hoanglanchi.com\/?p=795","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Nhung-D\u1eabn V\u00e0o Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Ca Dao"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xin ghi r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n ( tr\u00edch t\u1eeb blog Ho\u00e0ng Lan Chi) <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

GS. Ph\u1ea1m Th\u1ecb Nhung<\/strong><\/p>\n

H<\/strong>i\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u0103n t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. L\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i kinh nghi\u1ec7m tranh \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 c\u00e1c th\u00fa d\u1eef v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 sinh t\u1ed3n. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t phong ph\u00fa, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec \u00f4ng cha ta d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c kinh ngh\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u, t\u1eeb ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7u… C\u1ee9 th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, ca dao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong d\u00e2n gian. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam b\u1edbt s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, trau chu\u1ed1t qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u1eadt ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh, \u00fd hay l\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3m quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang; r\u1ed3i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n c\u1ed5 t\u00edch, th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i, ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang… m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa \u1edf x\u1ee9 ta.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef v\u00e0 ca dao nh\u1edd c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n v\u00e8, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00ean vui tai, d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb, d\u1ec5 truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ca dao ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef; do \u0111\u00f3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ca dao, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean bi\u1ebft qua th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef<\/strong>
\nTh\u00e0nh ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e2u n\u00f3i, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang quen d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i m\u00e0u m\u00e8 s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 trong chu\u1ed7i l\u1eddi \u0103n, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1, t\u1ea3 v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn \u00fd.
\nTh\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c:
\n– So s\u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp : Nh\u01b0 di\u1ec1u g\u1eb7p gi\u00f3.
\n– So s\u00e1nh gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp qua :
\n. \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 : C\u00f5ng r\u1eafn c\u1eafn g\u00e0 nh\u00e0.
\n.Th\u1eadm x\u01b0ng : Ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 xe.
\n. Ho\u00e1n d\u1ee5 : Ru\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec3 ngo\u00e0i da.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef c\u00f3 khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i, kh\u00f4ng v\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 : C\u00e1 ch\u1eadu, chim l\u1ed3ng. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng (y\u00eau v\u1eadn). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Trung Hoa. V\u0103n v\u1ea7n Trung Hoa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eadn (v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n), trong khi v\u0103n v\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng.
\nTh\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng: Trong nh\u00e0 ch\u01b0a t\u1ecf, ngo\u00e0i ng\u00f5 \u0111\u00e3 hay.
\nNh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef th\u00eam v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, l\u1eddi \u0103n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i th\u00eam nh\u1ecbp nh\u00e0ng, uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nT\u1ee5c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00f3i ng\u1eafn, g\u1ecdn; c\u00fa ph\u00e1p th\u00ec ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n.
\nT\u1ee5c ng\u1eef thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng hay nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n x\u01b0a s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.
\nX\u00e9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef th\u00e0nh m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:
\n– Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd : L\u00e1 l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f9m l\u00e1 r\u00e1ch.
\n– T\u00e2m l\u00fd : Y\u00eau n\u00ean t\u1ed1t, gh\u00e9t n\u00ean x\u1ea5u.
\n– X\u1eed th\u1ebf : \u1ede b\u1ea7u th\u00ec tr\u00f2n, \u1edf \u1ed1ng th\u00ec d\u00e0i.
\n– Phong t\u1ee5c : Mi\u1ebfng tr\u1ea7u n\u00ean d\u00e2u nh\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\n– Khoa h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9c :
\n. V\u1ec1 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft : Tr\u1eddi n\u1eafng ch\u00f3ng tr\u01b0a, tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a ch\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i.
\n. V\u1ec1 canh n\u00f4ng : M\u1ea1 chi\u00eam \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u ch\u00f4n ch\u1eb7t, m\u1ea1 m\u00f9a v\u1eeba \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eeba \u0111i.
\n. Th\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n : D\u01b0a La, c\u00e0 L\u00e1ng, nem B\u00e1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1ea7n, N\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eafm V\u1ea1n V\u00e2n, C\u00e1 r\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea7m S\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn th\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef d\u00e0i, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea7n, n\u1ebfu th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00ec th\u00e0nh ca dao.
\nT\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ca dao. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean trong ca dao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 xen l\u1eabn th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef.
\nTD1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef: Ch\u1edb th\u1ea5y s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e3 tay ch\u00e8o.
\nCa dao:\u00a0 Ch\u1edb th\u1ea5y s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 lo.
\nS\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c s\u00f3ng, ch\u00e8o cho c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng.
\nTD2.\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef: Ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 xe.
\nCa dao:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 xe
\nT\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5u ng\u00e3, ai d\u00e8 xe nghi\u00eang.
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nCA\u00a0 DAO<\/strong><\/p>\n

C<\/strong>a dao l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u00e1t d\u00e2n gian, l\u1eddi l\u1ebd n\u00f4m na trong s\u00e1ng, v\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u01b0u lo\u00e1t phong ph\u00fa, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong th\u1ec3 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t hay song th\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u00e2m nga m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay h\u00e1t theo ti\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec7u \u00e2m nh\u1ea1c.
\nCa dao do c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m hay t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0.<\/p>\n

Ca dao c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u do nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00e1t x\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p\u00a0 nam n\u1eef trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp sinh h\u1ecdat c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u1ede tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e2u ca dao nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec7m (nh\u01b0 : c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y, t\u00ednh tang t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng, hay : th\u1eddi v.v…), ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0a h\u01a1i (nh\u01b0 : \u1edbi a, \u1ee9 \u01b0, hay : \u00ed \u00ec i i v.v…) , ca dao li\u1ec1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n ca v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng giai \u0111i\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i (nh\u01b0 h\u00e1t quan h\u1ecd B\u1eafc Ninh, h\u00e1t tr\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n, h\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7m, h\u00e1t v\u00ed v.v…).<\/p>\n

H\u00ccNH TH\u1ee8C CA DAO<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nK\u1ebft c\u1ea5u, t\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch d\u00e0n \u00fd, ca dao c\u00f3 ba l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 : Ph\u00fa \u2013 H\u1ee9ng \u2013 T\u1ec9.<\/em>
\nPh\u00fa.<\/strong> Ph\u00fa l\u00e0 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 (s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt hay t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp.
\nTD :\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a , \u01b0\u1edbt b\u1ee5i, \u01b0\u1edbt b\u1edd
\n\u01af\u1edbt c\u00e2y, \u01b0\u1edbt l\u00e1, ai ng\u1edd \u01b0\u1edbt em!
\nTr\u1eddi m\u01b0a r\u1ea3 r\u00edch qua \u0111\u00eam
\nTh\u1ea5y em gian kh\u1ed5, anh th\u00eam n\u00e3o l\u00f2ng.
\n\u00a0 H\u1ee9ng.<\/strong> H\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ea1nh do ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea7y t\u1ecf n\u1ed7i l\u00f2ng.
\nTD:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00f3c mai s\u1ee3i v\u1eafn, s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i
\nL\u1ea5y nhau ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m.
\n\u00a0 T\u1ec9<\/strong>. T\u1ec9 l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc, gi\u00fap cho \u00fd t\u1ee9 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t th\u00eam r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n b\u00f3ng b\u1ea9y, t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb.
\nTD :\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1 ai bi\u1ebft l\u00faa m\u1ea5y c\u00e2y
\nBi\u1ebft s\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00fac, bi\u1ebft m\u00e2y m\u1ea5y t\u1eebng
\n\u0110\u1ed1 ai qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch l\u00e1 r\u1eebng
\n\u0110\u1ec3 ta khuy\u00ean gi\u00f3, gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1eebng rung c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed8I DUNG CA DAO<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nN\u1ed9i dung ca dao r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia l\u00e0m m\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:
\nCa ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c danh lam th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f9ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau g\u1eafn b\u00f3 tha thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u1ee9 s\u1edf.<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nQu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng ta t\u1eeb B\u1eafc ch\u00ed Nam c\u00f3 v\u00f4 v\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Xinh t\u01b0\u01a1i quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh x\u1ee9 L\u1ea1ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc; trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00fai \u0111\u00e1 T\u00f4 Th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee9ng \u00f4m con ch\u1edd ch\u1ed3ng :
\n–
\n\u0110\u1ed3ng \u0110\u0103ng c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1 K\u1ef3 L\u1eeba
\nC\u00f3 n\u00e0ng T\u00f4 Th\u1ecb, c\u00f3 ch\u00f9a Tam Thanh.
\nAi l\u00ean x\u1ee9 L\u1ea1ng c\u00f9ng anh
\nB\u00f5 c\u00f4ng b\u00e1c m\u1eb9 sinh th\u00e0nh ra em.
\nTay c\u1ea7m b\u1ea7u r\u01b0\u1ee3u, n\u1eafm nem
\nM\u1ea3ng vui qu\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u1eddi em d\u1eb7n d\u00f2.
\nH\u00f9ng v\u0129 nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh r\u1eebng n\u00fai mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng du B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t :<\/strong><\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00ean M\u01b0\u1eddng L\u1ec5 bao xa\u00a0 Tr\u0103m b\u1ea3y m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e1c, tr\u0103m ba m\u01b0\u01a1i gh\u1ec1nh.<\/p>\n

– N\u00fai s\u00f4ng h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5, tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t bao la ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1n H\u00f9ng, trung t\u00e2m mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t V\u0103n Lang c\u1ed5, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc :
\nB\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m l\u1ebb v\u1ec1 sau
\nMi\u1ebfu l\u0103ng \u1edf h\u1ea1t L\u00e2m Thao n\u00fai H\u00f9ng.
\nXem \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ebf tr\u00f9ng tr\u00f9ng long h\u1ed5
\nT\u1ea3 \u0110\u1ea3o S\u01a1n m\u00e0 h\u1eefu T\u1ea3n Vi\u00ean.
\nL\u00f4, \u0110\u00e0, hai n\u01b0\u1edbc hai b\u00ean
\nGi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng Thao Th\u1ee7y, d\u00f2ng b\u00ean Nh\u1ecb H\u00e0.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 – \u00cam \u0111\u1ec1m, c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1eafng c\u1ea3nh ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4 Th\u0103ng<\/strong>
\nLong, ch\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n v\u1eadt :<\/strong>
\nN\u00e0o h\u1ed3 G\u01b0\u01a1m v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1n Ng\u1ecdc S\u01a1n, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e0i Nghi\u00ean, th\u00e1p B\u00fat c\u00f9ng chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf \u1ed1i n\u00ean th\u01a1 :
\nR\u1ee7 nhau xem c\u1ea3nh Ki\u1ebfm h\u1ed3
\nXem c\u1ea7u Th\u00ea H\u00fac , xem ch\u00f9a Ng\u1ecdc S\u01a1n.
\n\u0110\u00e0i Nghi\u00ean, th\u00e1p B\u00fat ch\u01b0a m\u00f2n
\nH\u1ecfi ai x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean non n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n

N\u00e0o phong c\u1ea3nh H\u1ed3 T\u00e2y b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t v\u1edbi ng\u00f4i ch\u00f9a c\u1ed5 k\u00ednh, x\u00e2y t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 5, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea5y Y\u00ean Th\u00e1i :<\/p>\n

Gi\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e0nh tr\u00fac la \u0111\u00e0
\nTi\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng Tr\u1ea5n V\u00f5, canh g\u00e0 Th\u1ecd X\u01b0\u01a1ng.
\nTuy\u1ec7t\u00a0 m\u00f9 kh\u00f3i t\u1ecfa ng\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nNh\u1ecbp ch\u00e0y Y\u00ean Th\u00e1i, m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y H\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Th\u0103ng Long \u0111\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4 x\u01b0a c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Kinh, n\u0103m 1831 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u1edbi 36 ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed3n hoa \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9i :
\nH\u00e0 N\u1ed9i ba m\u01b0\u01a1i s\u00e1u ph\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u1eddng
\nH\u00e0ng G\u1ea1o, h\u00e0ng \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng, h\u00e0ng Mu\u1ed1i tr\u1eafng tinh
\n…………………………………
\nPh\u1ed3n hoa th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t Long th\u00e0nh
\nPh\u1ed1 gi\u0103ng m\u1eafc c\u1eedi, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng quanh b\u00e0n c\u1edd
\nPhong c\u1ea3nh mi\u1ec1n Trung c\u0169ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.
\n– C\u00f2n g\u00ec \u0111\u1eb9p b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn v\u00e0o x\u1ee9 Ngh\u1ec7 :
\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f4 x\u1ee9 Ngh\u1ec7 quanh quanh
\nNon xanh n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 tranh h\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

– C\u00f2n g\u00ec th\u01a1 m\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n x\u1ee9 Hu\u1ebf v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi thuy\u1ec1n, hay s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh :<\/strong>
\nB\u1ebfn ch\u1ee3 \u0110\u00f4ng Ba ti\u1ebfng g\u00e0 eo \u00f3c
\nB\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2 Th\u1ecd L\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfng tr\u1ed1ng sang canh
\nGi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng H\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng khuynh th\u00e0nh
\n\u0110\u00eam khuya m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n m\u00e0nh ng\u1ea3 nghi\u00eang.
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u1ea7n Kinh l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1n r\u1ed3ng, ch\u00f9a th\u00e1p, mi\u1ebfu m\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, nh\u01b0 th\u00e1p b\u1ea3y t\u1ea7ng \u1edf ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5,Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ebfu g\u1ed3m V\u0103n Th\u00e1nh V\u00f5 Th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 Ch\u00f9a \u00d4ng th\u1edd Quan C\u00f4ng. \u1ede v\u00f9ng Th\u00e0nh N\u1ed9i g\u1ea7n Ho\u00e0ng Cung th\u00ec c\u00f3 Tam T\u00f2a, n\u01a1i c\u1eeda tam quan x\u01b0a c\u00f3 treo chi\u1ebfc tr\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n khi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u oan \u1ee9c th\u00ec t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1nh l\u00ean ba h\u1ed3i, t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00ednh t\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n, tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean vua x\u00e9t x\u1eed :
\n–
\n\u0110\u1ea5t Th\u1ea7n Kinh trai thanh, g\u00e1i l\u1ecbch
\nNon xanh n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfc, \u0111i\u1ec7n ng\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1n r\u1ed3ng
\nTh\u00e1p b\u1ea3y t\u1eebng, Th\u00e1nh mi\u1ebfu, ch\u00f9a \u00d4ng
\nChu\u00f4ng khua Di\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ebf, tr\u1ed1ng rung Tam T\u00f2a.<\/p>\n

– C\u00f2n g\u00ec\u00a0 ho\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n (\u0111\u00fang ra l\u00e0 \u1ea2i V\u00e2n):
\nH\u1ea3i V\u00e2n b\u00e1t ng\u00e1t ng\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng
\nH\u00f2n H\u1ed3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 trong v\u1ecbnh H\u00e0n.
\n\u0110i b\u1ed9 th\u00ec khi\u1ebfp H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n
\n\u0110i thuy\u1ec1n th\u00ec khi\u1ebfp s\u00f3ng Th\u1ea7n, hang Gi\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3nh mi\u1ec1n Trung phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng b\u1ec3 b\u1ea1c, non v\u00e0ng (thu\u1ed9c Qu\u1ea3ng Nam) :
\nB\u1ec3 b\u1ea1c Nam H\u1ea3i, non v\u00e0ng B\u1ed3ng Mi\u00eau.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed mi\u1ec1n Nam th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau, c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i xum xu\u00ea; s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00f4m c\u00e1 \u00ea h\u1ec1 :<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nNh\u00e0 B\u00e8 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y chia hai
\nAi v\u1ec1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh, \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai th\u00ec v\u1ec1.
\n\u0110\u1ed3ng Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 c\u00f2 bay th\u1eb3ng c\u00e1nh
\nN\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh c\u00e1 t\u00f4m.
\n.B\u1ebfn Tre n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt l\u1eafm d\u1eeba
\nRu\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1eddn m\u00e0u m\u1ee1, bi\u1ec3n th\u1eeba c\u00e1 t\u00f4m.
\nS\u1ea7u ri\u00eang m\u0103ng c\u1ee5t C\u00e1i M\u01a1n
\nBa Tri ru\u1ed9ng mu\u1ed1i, Gi\u1ed3ng Tr\u00f4m l\u00faa v\u00e0ng.
\nv.v…
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 tha thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi x\u00f3m l\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u01a1i ch\u00f4n nhau c\u1eaft r\u1ed1n :<\/p>\n

L\u00e0ng ta phong c\u1ea3nh h\u1eefu t\u00ecnh
\nD\u00e2n c\u01b0 giang kh\u00fac nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh con long.
\nNh\u1edd tr\u1eddi h\u1ea1 k\u1ebf sang \u0111\u00f4ng
\nL\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, vun tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1i.
\nV\u1ee5 n\u0103m cho \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ee5 m\u01b0\u1eddi
\nTrong\u00a0 l\u00e0ng k\u1ebb g\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trai \u0111ua ngh\u1ec1
\nTr\u1eddi ra, g\u1eafng; tr\u1eddi l\u1eb7n, v\u1ec1
\nNg\u00e0y ng\u00e0y, th\u00e1ng th\u00e1ng nghi\u1ec7p ngh\u1ec1 tru\u00e2n chi\u00ean.
\n.Anh \u0111i anh nh\u1edb qu\u00ea nh\u00e0
\nNh\u1edb canh rau mu\u1ed1ng, nh\u1edb c\u00e0 d\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nNh\u1edb ai d\u00e3i gi\u00f3, d\u1ea7m s\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nNh\u1edb ai t\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f4m nao.
\n2. Ca ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u t\u00fa c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c: Trai anh h\u00f9ng \u2013 G\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang<\/strong>
\n2.1. Trai anh h\u00f9ng<\/strong>
\nL\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 tranh \u0111\u1ea5u s\u1eed. T\u1eeb thu\u1edf c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng d\u1ef1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m.
\nSau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c phong ki\u1ebfn Trung hoa x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb (207 TCN \u2013 938 SCN), l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n 100 n\u0103m b\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng, \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 (1862 \u2013 1954). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ca dao Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u ca ng\u1ee3i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1eed t\u00edch v\u1ebb vang:
\nSa Nam tr\u00ean ch\u1ee3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2
\nN\u01a1i Mai H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf k\u00e9o c\u1edd d\u1ef1ng binh.
\n(Mai H\u1eafc \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4n t\u00ednh, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 VIII)
\n\u0110\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa s\u00f4ng
\nCh\u1edb \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00f4ng m\u00e0 ch\u00ecm.
\n(Ng\u00f4 Quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1 qu\u00e2n Nam H\u00e1n tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 X).
\nN\u1ef1c c\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u ch\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1 xe
\nT\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5u ng\u00e3 ai d\u00e8 xe nghi\u00eang.
\n(L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 T\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh Chi\u00eam, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XI)
\nS\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng
\nBa l\u1ea7n gi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn, ba l\u1ea7n gi\u1eb7c tan.
\n(Vua t\u00f4i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n ba l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Nguy\u00ean M\u00f4ng x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XII).
\nAi l\u00ean Bi\u1ec7n Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Lam S\u01a1n<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edb L\u00ea Th\u00e1i T\u1ed5 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e2n Minh.
\n(L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u0111u\u1ed5i gi\u1eb7c Minh, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XV)
\n.B\u1ea7n Gie \u0111\u00f3m \u0111\u1eadu s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi
\nR\u1ea1ch G\u1ea7m, Xo\u00e0i M\u00fat mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi r\u1ea1ng danh.
\n(Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t qu\u00e2n Xi\u00eam tr\u00ean hai con s\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c t\u1ec9nh Ti\u1ec1n Giang, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII)
\n.Nguy\u1ec5n ra r\u1ed3i Nguy\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1
\nGi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1ed3 \u0110\u1ec1 th\u00ec gi\u1eb7c l\u1ea1i tan.
\n(Quang Trung Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 ra B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u00e1 20 v\u1ea1n qu\u00e2n Thanh, cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVIII).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p sang \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ( th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX), th\u00ec t\u1eeb B\u1eafc ch\u00ed Nam, \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn :<\/p>\n

T\u1ec9nh H\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed5 R\u1ed3ng Ti\u00ean
\nThi\u1ebfu g\u00ec h\u00e0o ki\u1ec7t c\u00f4n quy\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u1ee3c thao.
\n\u0110\u1ec1 V\u00e2n, \u0110\u1ed1c, Ng\u1eef t\u00ecm v\u00e0o
\n\u0110\u1ec1 Th\u00e0nh, \u0110\u1ec1 D\u1ecb, \u0110\u1ec1 Ki\u1ec1u t\u1edbi n\u01a1i
\n\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n ra c\u1eeda \u0111\u00f3n m\u1eddi
\nTh\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng chung s\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t lo\u00e0i s\u00f3i lang.
\n(\u0110\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n Nguy\u1ec5n Quang B\u00edch l\u1eadp chi\u1ebfn khu kh\u00e1ng Ph\u00e1p).
\nG\u00f2 C\u00f4ng anh d\u0169ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi
\n\u00d4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “\u0111\u00e1m l\u00e1 t\u1ed1i tr\u1eddi\u201d, \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y.
\nBao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft c\u1ecf Th\u00e1p M\u01b0\u1eddi
\nTh\u00ec d\u00e2n Nam m\u1edbi h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh T\u00e2y.
\nv.v…<\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 ch\u00ed nam nhi, ca dao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec1 cao :<\/p>\n

– B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn k\u1ebb l\u00e0m trai \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0, v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc :
\nL\u00e0m trai \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi
\nSao cho x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i nh\u00e0 ta.
\nGh\u00e9 vai g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c s\u01a1n h\u00e0
\nSao cho t\u1ecf m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng phu.
\n– Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0o h\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed s\u1eaft \u0111\u00e1:
\nL\u00e0m trai quy\u1ebft ch\u00ed tang b\u1ed3ng
\nSao cho t\u1ecf m\u1eb7t anh h\u00f9ng m\u1edbi cam.
\n.L\u00e0m trai cho \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00ean trai
\nXu\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u0129nh, l\u00ean \u0110o\u00e0i \u0110o\u00e0i tan.
\n.Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a chung
\nH\u01a1n nhau m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng anh h\u00f9ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.
\n.G\u1eebng gi\u00e0, g\u1eebng r\u1ee5i, g\u1eebng cay
\nAnh h\u00f9ng c\u00e0ng c\u1ef1c, c\u00f4ng d\u00e0y ngh\u0129a nh\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

2.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>G\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang, xinh \u0111\u1eb9p<\/strong>
\n\u00a0<\/strong>
\nTrai Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5ng anh h\u00f9ng th\u00ec g\u00e1i Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1eafm b\u1eadc anh th\u01b0 c\u00e2n qu\u1eafc, t\u1eebng ph\u1ea5t c\u1edd kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a c\u1ee9u n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 Hai B\u00e0 Tr\u01b0ng, B\u00e0 Tri\u1ec7u, hay t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng x\u00e2m l\u0103ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb v\u00f5\u00a0 t\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng Hai B\u00e0 : L\u00ea Ch\u00e2n, Xu\u00e2n N\u01b0\u01a1ng, Thi\u1ebfu Hoa, B\u00e1t M\u00e0n…, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau cao truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201cGi\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh\u201d c\u1ee7a g\u00e1i Vi\u1ec7t :
\nH\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea7n nh\u1eb9 b\u01b0\u1edbc chinh y\u00ean
\n\u0110u\u1ed5i ngay T\u00f4 \u0110\u1ecbnh, d\u1eb9p y\u00ean bi\u00ean th\u00e0nh.
\n(Qu\u1ed1c s\u1eed di\u1ec5n ca)
\nEm l\u00e0 con g\u00e1i x\u1ee9 Thanh
\nEm \u0111i m\u00fac n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eeda b\u00e0nh con voi.
\nMu\u1ed1n coi l\u00ean n\u00fai m\u00e0 coi
\nCoi b\u00e0 vua Tri\u1ec7u c\u01b0\u1edfi voi, \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Hay mang d\u00f2ng m\u00e1u d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 con g\u00e1i B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh :<\/p>\n

Ai v\u00f4 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 coi
\n\u0110\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ea7m roi, \u0111i quy\u1ec1n.
\nG\u00e1i Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a nay c\u00f2n n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng xinh \u0111\u1eb9p :
\nCh\u00e2n m\u00e0y v\u00f2ng nguy\u1ec7t c\u00f3 duy\u00ean
\nT\u00f3c m\u00e2y g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng \u0111\u1eb9p duy\u00ean t\u01a1 h\u1ed3ng.
\n.Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con m\u1eaft l\u00e1 r\u0103m
\nL\u00f4ng m\u00e0y l\u00e1 li\u1ec5u \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u0103m quan ti\u1ec1n.
\nC\u1ed5 tay em tr\u1eafng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0
\nCon m\u1eaft em li\u1ebfc nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 dao cau
\nMi\u1ec7ng c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hoa ng\u00e2u
\nC\u00e1i kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hoa sen.
\n.Tr\u00fac xinh tr\u00fac m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00ecnh
\nEm xinh\u00a0 em \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng xinh.
\nTr\u00fac xinh\u00a0 tr\u00fac m\u1ecdc b\u1edd ao
\nEm xinh\u00a0 em \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng xinh.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ta th\u00ec nhan s\u1eafc ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 cao qu\u00ed nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec \u201cc\u00e1i n\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh ch\u1ebft c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d :<\/p>\n

T\u1ed1t g\u1ed7 h\u01a1n t\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1n
\nX\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ebft, c\u00f2n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1eb9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con g\u00e1i sinh ra l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ebft na v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang. Khi c\u00f2n \u1edf nh\u00e0 th\u00ec hi\u1ebfu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng sinh th\u00e0nh :
\nM\u1eb9 cha tr\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 ng\u1ecdc v\u00e0ng
\n\u0110\u1ec1n b\u1ed3i sao xi\u1ebft mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n c\u00f4ng \u01a1n.
\n.Cau non kh\u00e9o b\u1ed5 c\u0169ng d\u00e0y
\nTr\u1ea7u t\u00eam c\u00e1nh ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea7y \u0103n \u0111\u00eam.
\n.\u0110\u00f3i l\u00f2ng \u0103n \u0111\u1ecdt ch\u00e0 l\u00e0
\n\u0110\u1ec3 c\u01a1m mu\u00f4i m\u1eb9, m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 y\u1ebfu r\u0103ng.
\n.M\u1eb9 gi\u00e0 \u1edf t\u00fap l\u1ec1u tranh
\nS\u1edbm th\u0103m, t\u1ed1i vi\u1ebfng m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e0nh d\u1ea1 con.
\nKhi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00ec :
\n– Tr\u1ecdn t\u00ecnh th\u1ee7y chung v\u1edbi ch\u1ed3ng :
\nCh\u1eef r\u1eb1ng chi t\u1eed vu qui
\nL\u00e0m th\u00e2n con g\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng.
\n\u0110i \u0111\u00e2u cho thi\u1ebfp theo c\u00f9ng
\n\u0110\u00f3i no thi\u1ebfp ch\u1ecbu, l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng thi\u1ebfp cam.
\n– Bi\u1ebft nh\u1eabn nh\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f2a kh\u00ed gia \u0111\u00ecnh :
\nCh\u1ed3ng gi\u1eadn th\u00ec v\u1ee3 b\u1edbt l\u1eddi
\nC\u01a1m s\u00f4i nh\u1ecf l\u1eeda m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ea.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea3m \u0111ang qu\u00e1n xuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con th\u01a1 cho n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng :
\n–
\nC\u00f3 con ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec con
\nC\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c giang s\u01a1n nh\u00e0 ch\u1ed3ng.
\n.M\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i con b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i
\nNu\u00f4i con cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi nghe.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u khi h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i lo toan c\u1ea3 sinh k\u1ebf cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea3nh rang m\u01b0u vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, hay ra \u0111i v\u00ec ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n :
\n–
\nXin anh kinh s\u1eed h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh
\n\u0110\u1ec3 em c\u00e0y c\u1ea5y, c\u1eedi canh k\u1ecbp ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nMai sau xi\u00eam \u00e1o th\u1ea3nh th\u01a1i
\n\u01a0n tr\u1eddi, l\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi hi\u1ec3n vinh.
\n.Anh \u01a1i! ph\u1ea3i l\u00ednh th\u00ec \u0111i
\nVi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00f4i.
\n.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 .Anh \u0111i theo ch\u00faa T\u00e2y S\u01a1n
\nEm v\u1ec1 c\u00e0y cu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee7 r\u00f5, trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng tuy l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i \u1edf trong tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0. H\u1ecd l\u00e0m\u00a0 kinh t\u1ebf, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh, cai qu\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i. V\u1edbi t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111ang, h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y hy sinh, h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00ec sao\u00a0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3ng n\u1ec3 v\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng; kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef Trung hoa ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00fai \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o tam t\u00f2ng (t\u1ea1i gia t\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5, xu\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 t\u00f2ng phu, phu t\u1eed t\u00f2ng t\u1eed).<\/p>\n

3. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau nam n\u1eef<\/strong>
\nX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ed thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u00ean nam n\u1eef c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng chung hay v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, h\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m; th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, d\u00e2n ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen h\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1p nam n\u1eef, v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c m\u1eddi tr\u1ea7u, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng n\u1ea3y n\u1edf.
\nCa dao ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec3 tr\u1eef t\u00ecnh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nam n\u1eef r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa :<\/p>\n

– T\u1eeb g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7u :<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u00f4i ta b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p nhau \u0111\u00e2y
\nNh\u01b0 con b\u00f2 g\u1ea7y g\u1eb7p b\u00e3i c\u1ecf hoang.
\n.Thi\u00ean duy\u00ean k\u1ef3 ng\u1ed9 g\u1eb7p ch\u00e0ng
\nKh\u00e1c n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p nhau.<\/p>\n

– R\u1ed3i l\u00e0m quen, \u01b0\u1edbm h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh :<\/strong>
\nG\u1eb7p \u0111\u00e2y m\u1eadn m\u1edbi h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0o
\nV\u01b0\u1eddn h\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai v\u00e0o hay ch\u01b0a?
\nM\u1eadn h\u1ecfi th\u00ec \u0111\u00e0o xin th\u01b0a
\nV\u01b0\u1eddn h\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ai v\u00e0o.
\nN\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4ng T\u00f4 v\u1eeba trong v\u1eeba m\u00e1t
\nEm gh\u00e9 thuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eadu s\u00e1t thuy\u1ec1n anh.
\nD\u1eebng ch\u00e8o mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ecf t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh
\nS\u00f4ng bao nhi\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n

– R\u1ed3i m\u01a1 \u01b0\u1edbc :<\/strong>
\nAnh c\u00f2n son, em c\u0169ng c\u00f2n son
\n\u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m con m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0.<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ec1 nguy\u1ec1n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 :<\/strong>
\nTay n\u00e2ng ch\u00e9n mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u0129a g\u1eebng
\nG\u1eebng cay, mu\u1ed1i m\u1eb7n xin \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean nhau.
\n.Bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n l\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai
\nN\u00e1t ch\u00f9a Thi\u00ean M\u1ee5 m\u1edbi phai l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec1n.
\n– Y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u01b0, s\u1ea7u mu\u1ed9n :<\/strong>
\nQua \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u1ea3 n\u00f3n tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u00ecnh
\n\u0110\u00ecnh bao nhi\u00eau ng\u00f3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.
\n.Nh\u1edb ai b\u1ed5i h\u1ed5i b\u1ed3i h\u1ed3i
\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1ng l\u1eeda, nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ed1ng than.
\n.Y\u00eau nhau tam t\u1ee9 n\u00fai c\u0169ng tr\u00e8o
\nTh\u1ea5t b\u00e1t s\u00f4ng c\u0169ng l\u1ed9i, c\u1eedu th\u1eadp \u0111\u00e8o c\u0169ng qua.
\n.Y\u00eau nhau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec1u
\nM\u01b0a mai c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu, n\u1eafng chi\u1ec1u c\u0169ng cam.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac l\u1ee9a \u0111\u00f4i :<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u00eam khuya thi\u1ebfp m\u1edbi h\u1ecfi ch\u00e0ng
\nCau xanh \u0103n v\u1edbi tr\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng x\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng?
\nTr\u1ea7u v\u00e0ng nh\u00e1 v\u1edbi cau xanh
\nDuy\u00ean em s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh anh tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi !<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecnh g\u1eb7p oan tr\u00e1i, v\u00ec :<\/p>\n

– Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xa c\u00e1ch :<\/strong>
\nV\u1eebng tr\u0103ng ai x\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i
\n\u0110\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea7n ai r\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u00f4i h\u1ee1i ch\u00e0ng !<\/p>\n

– B\u1ecb t\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5 :<\/strong>
\nTr\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e2n t\u1eed b\u1ea1c t\u00ecnh
\nCh\u01a1i hoa r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i b\u1ebb c\u00e0nh b\u00e1n rao.
\n– V\u00ec ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f4ng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1ch c\u01b0\u1edbi :<\/strong>
\nV\u1eafn tay v\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng t\u1edbi k\u00e8o
\nCha m\u1eb9 anh ngh\u00e8o, c\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7ng em.<\/p>\n

– Cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn :<\/strong>
\nCon th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u1ea3
\nCha m\u1eb9 g\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i
\nC\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u1eafm, \u0111\u00f3 \u01a1i!<\/p>\n

– C\u00f3 khi ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi con trai ch\u1eadm b\u01b0\u1edbc :<\/strong>
\nTay ch\u00f9i n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u01b0\u1edbt nhem
\nT\u1ea1i anh ch\u1eadm b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean em c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng.
\n– S\u1ef1 tan v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ngu\u00f4i :<\/strong>
\nT\u00f3c mai s\u1ee3i v\u1eafn s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i
\nL\u1ea5y nhau ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u00e0i ng\u00e0n n\u0103m.
\nLan hu\u1ec7 s\u1ea7u ai, lan hu\u1ec7 h\u00e9o
\nLan hu\u1ec7 s\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi, trong h\u00e9o ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1i.
\n4. Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>
\n4.1 Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi than th\u1edf hay qua ca dao tr\u00e0o ph\u00fang, ng\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n.<\/strong>
\n4.1.1\u00a0 Ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c<\/strong>
\n– N\u1ea1n \u00e9p duy\u00ean
\nM\u1eb9 em tham th\u00fang x\u00f4i d\u1ec1n
\nTham con l\u1ee3n b\u00e9o, tham ti\u1ec1n C\u1ea3nh H\u01b0ng.
\nEm \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o m\u1eb9 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eebng
\nM\u1eb9 h\u1ea5m\u00a0 m\u1eb9 h\u1ee9, m\u1eb9 b\u01b0ng ngay v\u00e0o.
\nB\u00e2y gi\u1edd k\u1ebb th\u1ea5p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao
\nNh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f4i \u0111\u0169a l\u1ec7ch so sao cho b\u1eb1ng.
\nG\u00e0 t\u01a1 s\u00e0o v\u1edbi m\u01b0\u1edbp gi\u00e0
\nV\u1ee3 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ed1t, ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e0 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i
\nRa \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecb gi\u1ec5u, em c\u01b0\u1eddi
\nR\u1eb1ng hai \u00f4ng ch\u00e1u k\u1ebft \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng.
\n\u0110\u00eam n\u1eb1m t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1i g\u1ed1i b\u00f4ng
\nGi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh g\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3i r\u00e2u ch\u1ed3ng n\u1eb1m b\u00ean
\nS\u1ee5t s\u00f9i t\u1ee7i ph\u1eadn , h\u1eddn duy\u00ean
\nO\u00e1n cha, tr\u00e1ch m\u1eb9 tham ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n con..<\/p>\n

–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u1ea1n t\u1ea3o h\u00f4n :<\/strong>
\n–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>
\nTham gi\u1ea7u em l\u1ea5y th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 t\u1ec9 t\u00ec ti
\nL\u00e0ng tr\u00ean x\u00f3m d\u01b0\u1edbi thi\u1ebfu g\u00ec trai t\u01a1.
\nEm \u0111em th\u00e2n cho th\u1eb1ng b\u00e9 n\u00f3 d\u1ea7y v\u00f2
\nM\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng th\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m co trong l\u00f2ng.
\nC\u0169ng \u0111a mang l\u00e0 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed3ng
\nCh\u00edn \u0111\u00eam tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft, n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 m\u01b0\u1eddi.
\n….
\nCh\u1ecb em \u01a1i! Hoa n\u1edf m\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n!
\n\u00a0– N\u1ea1n \u0111a th\u00ea :<\/strong>
\nL\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m l\u1ebd kh\u1ed5 thay
\n\u0110i c\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u00e0y ch\u1ecb ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng.
\nT\u1ed1i t\u1ed1i ch\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3ng
\nCh\u1ecb cho manh chi\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i.
\nS\u00e1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ecb g\u1ecdi : B\u1edb Hai!
\nTr\u1edf d\u1eady n\u1ea5u c\u00e1m, th\u00e1i khoai, \u0111\u00e2m b\u00e8o.
\nB\u1edfi ch\u01b0ng b\u00e1c m\u1eb9 t\u00f4i ngh\u00e8o
\nCho n\u00ean t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e2m b\u00e8o, th\u00e1i khoai.
\n\u0110\u00f3i l\u00f2ng \u0103n n\u1eafm l\u00e1 sung
\nCh\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00ec l\u1ea5y, ch\u1ed3ng chung th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng.
\n– N\u1ea1n l\u00e0m d\u00e2u \u2013 g\u1eedi r\u1ec3 :<\/strong>
\nL\u00e0m d\u00e2u kh\u1ed5 l\u1eafm ai \u01a1i
\nVui ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m c\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n ch\u1eb3ng d\u00e1m than.
\nTr\u1eddi m\u01b0a cho \u01b0\u1edbt l\u00e1 khoai
\nC\u00f4ng anh l\u00e0m r\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 hai n\u0103m r\u00f2ng
\nNh\u00e0 em l\u1eafm ru\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng
\nB\u1eaft anh t\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng anh thay
\nTh\u00e1ng ch\u00edn m\u01b0a b\u1ee5i, gi\u00f3 may
\nC\u1ea5t l\u1ea5y g\u1ea7u n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u00e2n tay r\u1ee5ng r\u1eddi.
\n– N\u1ea1n g\u00f3a ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee7 ti\u1ebft :<\/strong>
\nL\u00eanh \u0111\u00eanh chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa d\u00f2ng
\nTh\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n g\u00f3a b\u1ee5a ph\u00f2ng kh\u00f4ng l\u1ee1 th\u00ec
\nGi\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e2y tr\u00fac ng\u00e3 qu\u00ec
\nBa n\u0103m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebft c\u00f2n g\u00ec l\u00e0 xu\u00e2n!
\n\u00a0– N\u1ea1n ma chay c\u1ed7 b\u00e0n c\u00fang t\u1ebf , \u0103n u\u1ed1ng linh \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 hi\u1ebfu, l\u00e0m h\u1ea3 vong linh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft(?), v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 mi\u1ec7ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng :<\/strong>
\nS\u1ed1ng th\u00ec con ch\u1ea3 cho \u0103n
\nCh\u1ebft th\u00ec x\u00f4i th\u1ecbt l\u00e0m v\u0103n t\u1ebf ru\u1ed3i !
\nCon c\u00f2 ch\u1ebft r\u0169 tr\u00ean c\u00e2y
\nC\u00f2 con m\u1edf l\u1ecbch xem ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m ma.
\nC\u00e0 cu\u1ed1ng u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3i la \u0111\u00e0
\nBao nhi\u00eau c\u00f3c, nh\u00e1i nh\u1ea3y ra chia ph\u1ea7n
\nCh\u00e0o m\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n
\nChim ch\u00edch c\u1edfi tr\u1ea7n, v\u00e1c m\u1ecf \u0111i rao.
\n4.1.2\u00a0 Ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec7 \u0111oan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i :<\/strong>
\n– Tham nh\u0169ng :<\/strong>
\nNh\u1ea5t th\u00ec b\u1ed9 L\u1ea1i, b\u1ed9 Binh
\nNh\u00ec th\u00ec b\u1ed9 H\u1ed9, b\u1ed9 H\u00ecnh c\u0169ng xong.
\nTh\u1ee9 ba th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng.
\nNh\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 L\u1ec5, l\u1ea1y \u00f4ng t\u00f4i v\u1ec1.
\n– Mua quan b\u00e1n t\u01b0\u1edbc :<\/strong>
\nM\u01b0\u1eddi quan th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ea7u
\nN\u0103m quan t\u01b0\u1edbc B\u00e1, ai h\u1ea7u thua ai?
\n– T\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed5 t\u01b0\u1eddng :<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m l\u00e1 gan
\nL\u00e1 \u1edf c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3, l\u00e1 toan c\u00f9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\nAnh hay x\u00f3c \u0111\u0129a c\u00f2 quay
\nM\u00e1u me c\u1edd b\u1ea1c, l\u1ea1i hay r\u01b0\u1ee3u ch\u00e8
\nEo s\u00e8o c\u00f4ng n\u1ee3 t\u1ee9 b\u1ec1
\nK\u1ebb l\u00f4i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9o, \u00ea ch\u1ec1 l\u1eafm thay !
\nC\u1ea3 ng\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u1edbi say
\nKhi nay thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n, khi mai t\u00e0i b\u00e0n
\nN\u00f3i ra mang ti\u1ebfng ph\u0169 ph\u00e0ng
\nN\u1ebfu \u0111i th\u00ec n\u00e3o can tr\u00e0ng xi\u1ebft bao !
\n– M\u00ea t\u00edn, d\u1ecb \u0111oan :<\/strong>
\n.Ti\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c d\u1ea3i y\u1ebfm bo bo
\nTrao cho th\u1ea7y b\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2m lo v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh.
\n.H\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i n\u0103ng
\nTh\u00ec th\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd h\u00e0m r\u0103ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n.
\n4.1.3 Ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1ee3i, v\u00e0 ch\u00ea bai nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n k\u00e9m t\u00e0i, v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ee9c:<\/strong>
\nCon vua th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m vua
\nCon s\u00e3i \u1edf ch\u00f9a th\u00ec qu\u00e9t l\u00e1 \u0111a.
\nBao gi\u1edd d\u00e2n n\u1ed5i can qua
\nCon vua th\u1ea5t th\u1ebf l\u1ea1i ra qu\u00e9t ch\u00f9a.
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u1edf ch\u1eb3ng ch\u00ednh ng\u00f4i
\nKhi\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u0103ng lo\u00e0n.
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf tr\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nKhi\u1ebfn cho k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e2y m\u01b0a.
\n4.2.\u00a0 Tranh \u0111\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch – ngh\u0129 th\u1ef1c \u2013 n\u00f3i th\u1ef1c \u2013 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c:<\/strong>
\nM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i lai, phi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, ph\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n, nam quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed1ng \u2013 Nho) \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o (qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 phong ki\u1ebfn) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t.
\n– \u0110i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng :<\/strong>
\nTr\u1ed1ng ch\u00f9a ai \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00ec th\u00f9ng
\nC\u1ee7a chung ai kh\u00e9o v\u1eaby v\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh ri\u00eang.
\n\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m vua, thua l\u00e0m gi\u1eb7c (t.n.)
\nKh\u00f3 th\u00ec h\u1ebft th\u1ea3o, h\u1ebft ngay
\nC\u00f4ng cha c\u0169ng b\u1ecf, ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7y c\u0169ng qu\u00ean.
\nTrai m\u00e0 chi, g\u00e1i m\u00e0 chi
\nCon n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a, c\u00f3 ngh\u00ec th\u00ec h\u01a1n.
\nC\u1ee7a ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng v\u1ee3 (t.n.)
\nL\u1ec7nh \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed3ng b\u00e0 (t.n.)
\nD\u1eabu x\u00e2y ch\u00edn b\u1eadc ph\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed3
\nKh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0m ph\u00fac c\u1ee9u cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi.
\n– \u0110i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi n\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u00f4ng \u2013 th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p s\u0129, qua<\/strong> b\u1ea3ng x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng: S\u0129 \u2013 n\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u00f4ng \u2013 th\u01b0\u01a1ng.
\n\u0110\u1ec1 cao s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng, c\u00f4ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng :
\nNh\u1ea5t s\u0129, nh\u00ec n\u00f4ng
\nH\u1ebft g\u1ea1o ch\u1ea1y r\u00f4ng
\nNh\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng, nh\u00ec s\u0129.<\/p>\n

M\u1ea1nh v\u00ec g\u1ea1o, b\u1ea1o v\u00ec ti\u1ec1n
\nL\u1eafm ti\u1ec1n, l\u1eafm g\u1ea1o l\u00e0 ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ch\u00ed l\u00e0m quan, c\u00f3 gan l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u (t.n.)
\nAi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eafn v\u1edbi n\u1eadu ngu\u1ed3n
\nM\u0103ng le g\u1eedi xu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1 chu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean.
\nKh\u00f4n ngoan ki\u1ebfm \u0103n ng\u01b0\u1eddi
\nM\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eddi ki\u1ebfm \u0103n qu\u1ea9n. (t.n)<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u201cC\u1ed5 loa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 giao l\u01b0u kinh t\u1ebf… S\u1ef1 bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng L\u1ea1c-Vi\u1ec7t ven bi\u1ec3n v\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n ven bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng nam Trung hoa, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, quan h\u1ec7 giao l\u01b0u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng thau, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi sau\u201d. ( Gi\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trang 253-254, Tr\u1ea7n Qu\u1ed1c V\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n V\u0103n H\u00f3a, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1996)… Ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn khi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ed1ng Nho ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t, ngh\u1ec1 bu\u00f4n m\u1edbi b\u1ecb khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ti\u1ec3u th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c trong tay \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, con g\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

5. Nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/strong>
\n5.1\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec1 cao ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng<\/strong>
\nKh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00edch, t\u1ecf r\u00f5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ng\u00e0n x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p canh t\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, r\u1ed3i truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho con ch\u00e1u, khi\u1ebfn ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng \u1edf x\u1ee9 ta m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t tinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.
\nCh\u00ednh v\u00ec ngh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0o nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn n\u00f4ng. Ri\u00eang ca dao \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 cao n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u1ecdng n\u00f4ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t:
\n\u01a0n tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a n\u1eafng ph\u1ea3i th\u00ec
\nN\u01a1i th\u00ec b\u1eeba c\u1ea1n, n\u01a1i th\u00ec c\u1ea7y s\u00e2u.
\nC\u00f4ng l\u00eanh ch\u1eb3ng qu\u1ea3n bao l\u00e2u
\nNg\u00e0y nay n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea1c, ng\u00e0y sau c\u01a1m v\u00e0ng.
\nAi \u01a1i, \u0111\u1eebng b\u1ecf ru\u1ed9ng hoang
\nBao nhi\u00eau t\u1ea5c \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u1ea5c v\u00e0ng b\u1ea5t nhi\u00eau.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng ch\u1ea1p l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng tr\u1ed3ng khoai
\nTh\u00e1ng gi\u00eang tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eadu, th\u00e1ng hai tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e0
\nTh\u00e1ng ba c\u00e0y v\u1ee1 ru\u1ed9ng ra
\nTh\u00e1ng t\u01b0 l\u00e0m m\u1ea1, m\u01b0a sa \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3ng
\nAi \u01a1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ee3, c\u00f9ng ch\u1ed3ng.
\nCh\u1ed3ng c\u00e0y, v\u1ee3 c\u1ea5y trong l\u00f2ng vui thay !
\n5.2\u00a0 Phong t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 l\u1ec5 nghi :<\/strong>
\nS\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n g\u1ee5i v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt sinh t\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i, l\u1ea1i do kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u201c\u0103n qu\u1ea3 nh\u1edb k\u1ebb tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o cho d\u00e2n ta t\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u01a1n ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, m\u1edf mang l\u00e0ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi t\u1ee5c l\u1ec7 th\u1edd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ed5, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb anh h\u00f9ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ho\u00e0ng :
\nTh\u00e1ng ba n\u00f4 n\u1ee9c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1n
\nL\u00e0 ng\u00e0y gi\u1ed7 t\u1ed5 b\u1ed1n ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m nay.<\/p>\n

Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00f4n t\u1ed9c th\u00ec th\u1edd c\u00fang t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, lo b\u00e1o hi\u1ebfu cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc :
\nC\u00e2y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c m\u1edbi n\u1edf c\u00e0nh xanh ng\u1ecdn
\nN\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1edbi b\u1ec3 c\u1ea3, s\u00f4ng s\u00e2u
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u
\nC\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ed3i sau c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng cha nh\u01b0 n\u00fai Th\u00e1i S\u01a1n
\nNgh\u0129a m\u1eb9 nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong ngu\u1ed3n ch\u1ea3y ra
\nM\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng th\u1edd m\u1eb9, k\u00ednh cha
\nCho tr\u00f2n ch\u1eef hi\u1ebfu m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o con.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed3ng m\u1ed9t th\u00ec \u1edf nh\u00e0 cha
\nM\u1ed3ng hai nh\u00e0 v\u1ee3, m\u1ed3ng ba nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

5.3\u00a0 H\u1ed9i h\u00e8 \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e1m<\/strong>
\nNgh\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi v\u1ee5, v\u00e0o m\u00f9a th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eaft m\u1eb7t t\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng khi n\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, thong th\u1ea3. V\u1ee5 l\u00faa m\u00f9a th\u00e1ng m\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i v\u1eeba xong th\u00ec g\u1eb7p l\u00fac xu\u00e2n sang T\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00ean d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng vui m\u1edf h\u1ed9i xu\u00e2n.
\nNg\u00e0y H\u1ed9i xu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tr\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y theo t\u1eebng l\u00e0ng; tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 t\u1ebf l\u1ec5 Th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng tri \u00e2n, sau l\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vui ch\u01a1i cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang :
\nTh\u00e1i b\u00ecnh m\u1edf h\u1ed9i xu\u00e2n
\nN\u00f4 n\u1ee9c kh\u1eafp xa g\u1ea7n
\nNh\u1ea1c d\u00e2ng ca trong \u0111i\u1ec7n
\nTr\u00f2 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt ngo\u00e0i s\u00e2n.
\n.B\u01a1i \u0110\u0103m, r\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1, h\u1ed9i Th\u1ea7y
\nVui th\u00ec vui v\u1eady ch\u1eb3ng t\u00e0y r\u00e3 La*.
\n(*L\u00e0ng Kh\u00ea Nam, t\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00e0ng La, ph\u1ee7 Ho\u00e0i \u0110\u1ee9c, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. Th\u00e0nh Ho\u00e0ng l\u00fac sinh th\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i d\u00e2m b\u00f4n n\u00ean h\u00f4m r\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1m, sau cu\u1ed9c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e1m v\u1eeba d\u1ee9t, \u0111\u00e8n n\u1ebfn trong \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1eaft h\u1ebft cho d\u00e2n l\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 do \u0103n tr\u1ed9m l\u1eabn nhau, h\u1ecd l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, kho\u1ea3ng 1 gi\u1edd khuya, tha h\u1ed3 s\u1edd so\u1ea1ng nhau.)<\/p>\n

5.4\u00a0 \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh canh, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p qu\u1ea7n, tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng cao. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0ng c\u00f9ng x\u00f3m trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng cho nhau (nay c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf ru\u1ed9ng nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y, mai ru\u1ed9ng nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c), \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 :
\nR\u1ee7 nhau \u0111i c\u1ea5y, \u0111i c\u00e0y
\nB\u00e2y gi\u1edd kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y phong l\u01b0u.
\nTr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea1n, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e2u
\nCh\u1ed3ng c\u00e0y, v\u1ee3 c\u1ea5y, con tr\u00e2u \u0111i b\u1eeba.
\nS\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c :
\nCh\u1ed3ng ch\u00e0i, v\u1ee3 l\u01b0\u1edbi, con c\u00e2u.
\nCh\u00e0ng r\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1y, con d\u00e2u \u0111i m\u00f2.
\n\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u1ea5y c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb : L\u00e0ng x\u00e3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, th\u1ebf n\u00ean :
\nL\u1ec7nh l\u00e0ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1nh\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (t.n)
\nTh\u00e1nh l\u00e0ng n\u00e0o, l\u00e0ng \u1ea5y th\u1edd.
\n.Ph\u00e9p vua thua l\u1ec7 l\u00e0ng.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (t.n)
\nVi\u1ec7c vua Tr\u1ea7n Nh\u00e2n T\u00f4n m\u1edf h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Di\u00ean H\u1ed3ng (1281), tri\u1ec7u t\u1eadp b\u00f4 l\u00e3o kh\u1eafp n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00ean h\u00f2a hay n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u1eb7c Nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

6. Quan ni\u1ec7m x\u1eed k\u1ef7 \u2013 ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadt.<\/strong>
\n6.1\u00a0 X\u1eed k\u1ef7:<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh:
\n– Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f9 :
\nC\u00f3 kh\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 mi\u1ebfng \u0103n
\nKh\u00f4ng d\u01b0ng ai d\u1ec5 \u0111em ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn cho.
\n.C\u00f3 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 m\u1edbi thanh nh\u00e0n
\nKh\u00f4ng d\u01b0ng ai d\u1ec5 c\u1ea7m t\u00e0n che cho.
\n– T\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c, t\u1ef1 t\u00fac, t\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1eddng :
\nTa v\u1ec1 ta t\u1eafm ao ta
\nD\u00f9 trong d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ee5c, ao nh\u00e0 v\u1eabn h\u01a1n.
\n.N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3 m\u00e0 v\u00e3 n\u00ean h\u1ed3
\nTay kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi ngoan!
\n.L\u00e0m trai c\u00f3 ch\u00ed l\u1eadp th\u00e2n
\nR\u1ed3i ra g\u1eb7p h\u1ed9i long v\u00e2n c\u0169ng v\u1eeba.
\nN\u00ean ra tay ki\u1ebfm, tay c\u1edd
\nCh\u1eb3ng n\u00ean th\u00ec ch\u1edb, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1edd c\u1eady ai.
\n– Tinh th\u1ea7n tranh \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n :
\nAi \u01a1i gi\u1eef ch\u00ed cho b\u1ec1n
\nD\u00f9 ai xoay h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ec1n m\u1eb7c ai.
\n.Ai \u01a1i \u0111\u1eebng ch\u00f3ng, ch\u1edb ch\u1ea7y
\nC\u00f3 c\u00f4ng m\u00e0i s\u1eaft c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y n\u00ean kim.
\n.Ch\u1edb th\u1ea5y s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 lo
\nS\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c s\u00f3ng, ch\u00e8o cho c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng.
\n– Tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn :
\nC\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec \u201cc\u00f3 h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi n\u00ean kh\u00f4n\u201d :
\nR\u1eebng nho, b\u1ec3 th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4n d\u00f2
\nNh\u1ecf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc, l\u1edbn m\u00f2 ra sao?
\n. Ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 hay ch\u1eef th\u00ec h\u01a1n
\nGi\u1ea7u m\u00e0 hay ch\u1eef nh\u01b0 s\u01a1n th\u1ebfp v\u00e0ng.
\nH\u1ecdc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft su\u00f4ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eddi, t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, ca dao\u00a0 khuy\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec: \u201c\u0110i m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00e0ng, h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t s\u00e0ng kh\u00f4n\u201d :
\n\u0110i cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3, bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y
\n\u1ede nh\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1eb9, bi\u1ebft ng\u00e0y n\u00e0o kh\u00f4n.
\n.L\u00e0m trai cho \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00ean trai
\nPh\u00fa Xu\u00e2n c\u0169ng tr\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1ed1ng Nai c\u0169ng t\u1eebng.
\n– Tinh th\u1ea7n l\u1ea1c quan:
\nCh\u1edb than ph\u1eadn kh\u00f3 ai \u01a1i
\nC\u00f2n da l\u00f4ng m\u1ecdc, c\u00f2n ch\u1ed3i n\u1ea9y c\u00e2y.
\n– S\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi trong s\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, theo tinh th\u1ea7n: \u201cTh\u00e1c trong c\u00f2n h\u01a1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee5c\u201d, \u201cGi\u1ea5y r\u00e1ch gi\u1eef l\u1ea5y l\u1ec1\u201d :
\n.Ai \u01a1i ! c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft ch\u0103ng l\u00e0
\nS\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd ,s\u1ed1ng nh\u1ee5c, ch\u1eb3ng th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft th\u01a1m.
\n.Nh\u00e0 em c\u00f3 v\u1ea1i c\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y
\nC\u00f3 ao rau mu\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y ch\u0129nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng.
\nD\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ef9 v\u1ecb, cao l\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nTr\u00ean th\u1edd cha m\u1eb9, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u01b0\u1eddng anh em.
\nM\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vui v\u1ebb, \u00eam \u0111\u1ec1m
\n\u0110\u00f3i no trong s\u1ea1ch, kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m l\u1ee5y ai.
\n6.2\u00a0 Ti\u1ebfp v\u1eadt.<\/strong>
\n\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i khoan h\u00f2a, l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u201cM\u1ed9t b\u1ed3 c\u00e1i l\u00ed kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ed c\u00e1i t\u00ecnh\u201d :
\n– L\u1ef1a l\u1eddi, l\u1ef1a gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m :
\nL\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ti\u1ec1n mua
\nL\u1ef1a l\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3i cho v\u1eeba l\u00f2ng nhau.
\nChim kh\u00f4n k\u00eau ti\u1ebfng r\u1ea3nh rang
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4n\u00a0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 nghe.
\n– \u0110o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ee3 :
\nM\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u00e0m ch\u1eb3ng n\u00ean non
\nBa c\u00e2y ch\u1ee5m l\u1ea1i n\u00ean h\u00f2n n\u00fai cao.
\nCon qu\u1ea1 tha l\u00e1 l\u1ee3p nh\u00e0
\nCon cu ch\u1ebb l\u1ea1t, con g\u00e0 d\u1ef1ng ph\u00ean.
\n– T\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1i :
\nTh\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng ta
\nGh\u00e9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ra gh\u00e9t m\u00ecnh.
\nB\u1ea7u \u01a1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y b\u00ed c\u00f9ng
\nTuy r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng chung m\u1ed9t gi\u00e0n.
\nNhi\u1ec5u \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1 g\u01b0\u01a1ng
\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau c\u00f9ng.
\nNh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed9c, v\u00ec : \u201cM\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdt m\u00e1u \u0111\u00e0o, h\u01a1n ao n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e3\u201d :
\nAnh em n\u00e0o ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa
\nC\u00f9ng chung b\u00e1c m\u1eb9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 c\u00f9ng th\u00e2n.
\nAnh em nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 tay ch\u00e2n.
\nD\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u00ean h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, hai th\u00e2n vui v\u1ea7y.
\n– Bi\u1ebft th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh :
\n\u1ede \u0111\u1eddi ai c\u00f3 d\u1ea1i g\u00ec
\nKh\u00fac s\u00f4ng eo h\u1eb9p ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9y kh\u00fac s\u00f4ng.
\n– Gi\u1eef l\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng :
\n\u1ede cho ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e2n
\nC\u00e2y \u0111a c\u1eady th\u1ea7n, th\u1ea7n c\u1eady c\u00e2y \u0111a.
\n– V\u00e0 c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1edfi m\u1edf, bi\u1ebft c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi :
\nR\u1eb1ng trong l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 ta. (t.n)
\nNh\u1edd v\u1eady m\u1edbi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111i t\u1edbi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u00f2a thu\u1eadn, l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng t\u1ea1o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi :
\nThu\u1eadn v\u1ee3\u00a0 thu\u1eadn ch\u1ed3ng, b\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng t\u00e1t c\u1ea1n
\nThu\u1eadn b\u1ea7u thu\u1eadn b\u1ea1n, t\u00e1t c\u1ea1n b\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN <\/strong>
\nT\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:
\n– V\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c,<\/strong> ca dao c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u r\u1ea5t m\u1ed9c m\u1ea1c, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; tuy v\u1eady, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t gi\u1ea7u nh\u1ea1c t\u00ednh, g\u1ee3i h\u00ecnh, g\u1ee3i s\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1eafc. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u1ecdc th\u00e0nh v\u0103n (v\u0103n vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef n\u00f4m), t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u00fd, c\u00f9ng l\u1ed1i gieo v\u1ea7n l\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 th\u01a1 l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t, song th\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c b\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u00e1t n\u00f3i.
\n– V\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung,<\/strong> ca dao l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh, b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 trung th\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t. Qua \u0111\u00f3, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 sinh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u01a1n ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n khai s\u00e1ng; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u00ec bi\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c th\u00ec h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00ec t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y hy sinh, hi\u1ebfu thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa (Nho, L\u00e3o) v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 (Ph\u1eadt). Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i, dung h\u1ee3p, Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a , l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch phi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c t\u00ednh th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng nh\u1edd tinh th\u1ea7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 sau m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0n n\u0103m B\u1eafc thu\u1ed9c, k\u00e9o theo \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ed1ng Nho ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t th\u00eam m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m n\u1eefa (th\u1eddi h\u1eadu Tr\u1ea7n, nh\u00e0 L\u00ea, nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n), d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ta v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb H\u00e1n h\u00f3a; sau l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u0103n minh ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thu h\u1eb9p l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh giao l\u01b0u v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng. Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i giao l\u01b0u, c\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn, Vi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i hay c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00c2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng an vui, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

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